C-Fe

Abstract: Machine learning interatomic potentials (MLIPs) for α-iron and carbon binary system have been constructed aiming for understanding the mechanical behavior of Fe–C steel and carbides. The MLIPs were trained using an extensive reference database produced by spin polarized density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The MLIPs reach the DFT accuracies in many important properties which are frequently engaged in Fe and Fe–C studies, including kinetics and thermodynamics of C in α-Fe with vacancy, grain boundary, and screw dislocation, and basic properties of cementite and cementite–ferrite interfaces. In conjunction with these MLIPs, the impact of C atoms on the mobility of screw dislocation at finite temperature, and the C-decorated core configuration of screw dislocation were investigated, and a uniaxial tensile test on a model with multiple types of defects was conducted.

Abstract: Machine learning interatomic potentials (MLIPs) for α-iron and carbon binary system have been constructed aiming for understanding the mechanical behavior of Fe–C steel and carbides. The MLIPs were trained using an extensive reference database produced by spin polarized density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The MLIPs reach the DFT accuracies in many important properties which are frequently engaged in Fe and Fe–C studies, including kinetics and thermodynamics of C in α-Fe with vacancy, grain boundary, and screw dislocation, and basic properties of cementite and cementite–ferrite interfaces. In conjunction with these MLIPs, the impact of C atoms on the mobility of screw dislocation at finite temperature, and the C-decorated core configuration of screw dislocation were investigated, and a uniaxial tensile test on a model with multiple types of defects was conducted.

Abstract: In steels, the interaction between screw dislocations and carbon solutes has a great influence on the yield strength. Fe-C potentials used in molecular dynamics (MD) simulations yield a poor description of screw dislocation properties-their core structure and Peierls barrier-compared to ab initio calculations. Here we combine two EAM potentials from the literature, which greatly improves dislocation property accuracy in FeC alloys. Using this hybrid potential, MD simulations of dislocation glide in random solid solutions confirm a powerful solute strengthening, caused by complex interaction processes. We analyze these processes in a model geometry, where a row of carbon atoms is inserted in the dislocation core with varying separations. We use a combination of MD simulations, minimum-energy path calculations, and a statistical model based on the harmonic transition state theory to explain the strengthening induced by carbon. We unveil that carbon disrupts the glide process, as unpinning requires the successive nucleation of two kink pairs. When solute separation is below about 100 Burgers vectors, the activation enthalpy of both kink pairs are markedly increased compared to pure iron, resulting in a strong dependence of the unpinning stress on solute spacing. Our simulations also suggest an effect of carbon spacing on the kink-pair activation entropy. This work provides elementary processes and parameters that will be useful for larger-scale models and, in particular, kinetic Monte Carlo simulations.

Abstract: Structural, elastic, and thermal properties of cementite (Fe3C) were studied using a modified embedded atom method (MEAM) potential for iron-carbon (Fe-C) alloys. Previously developed Fe and C single-element potentials were used to develop a Fe-C alloy MEAM potential, using a statistics-based optimization scheme to reproduce structural and elastic properties of cementite, the interstitial energies of C in bcc Fe, and heat of formation of Fe-C alloys in L12 and B1 structures. The stability of cementite was investigated by molecular dynamics simulations at high temperatures. The nine single-crystal elastic constants for cementite were obtained by computing total energies for strained cells. Polycrystalline elastic moduli for cementite were calculated from the single-crystal elastic constants of cementite. The formation energies of (001), (010), and (100) surfaces of cementite were also calculated. The melting temperature and the variation of specific heat and volume with respect to temperature were investigated by performing a two-phase (solid/liquid) molecular dynamics simulation of cementite. The predictions of the potential are in good agreement with first-principles calculations and experiments.

Abstract: The iron–carbon EAM potential that we have developed [Comput. Mater. Sci. 40 (2007) 119] was found to predict a saddle point slightly off the tetrahedral position. This problem was fixed by adding a Gaussian function to the Fe–C pairwise function, which does not change neither the position corresponding to the local energy minimum, i.e. the octahedral site, nor the energy of the saddle point. The potential energy landscape around the saddle point is now more realistic, without changing the dynamics properties of the former potential.

Abstract: Stainless steels found in real-world applications usually have some C content in the base Fe–Cr alloy, resulting in hard and dislocation-pinning carbides—Fe3C (cementite) and Cr23C6—being present in the finished steel product. The higher complexity of the steel microstructure has implications, for example, for the elastic properties and the evolution of defects such as Frenkel pairs and dislocations. This makes it necessary to re-evaluate the effects of basic radiation phenomena and not simply to rely on results obtained from purely metallic Fe–Cr alloys. In this report, an analytical interatomic potential parameterization in the Abell–Brenner–Tersoff form for the entire Fe–Cr–C system is presented to enable such calculations. The potential reproduces, for example, the lattice parameter(s), formation energies and elastic properties of the principal Fe and Cr carbides (Fe3C, Fe5C2, Fe7C3, Cr3C2, Cr7C3, Cr23C6), the Fe–Cr mixing energy curve, formation energies of simple C point defects in Fe and Cr, and the martensite lattice anisotropy, with fair to excellent agreement with empirical results. Tests of the predictive power of the potential show, for example, that Fe–Cr nanowires and bulk samples become elastically stiffer with increasing Cr and C concentrations. High-concentration nanowires also fracture at shorter relative elongations than wires made of pure Fe. Also, tests with Fe3C inclusions show that these act as obstacles for edge dislocations moving through otherwise pure Fe.

Abstract: Existing interatomic potentials for the iron-carbon system suffer from qualitative flaws in describing even the simplest of defects. In contrast to more accurate first-principles calculations, all previous potentials show strong bonding of carbon to overcoordinated defects (e.g., self-interstitials, dislocation cores) and a failure to accurately reproduce the energetics of carbon-vacancy complexes. Thus any results from their application in molecular dynamics to more complex environments are unreliable. The problem arises from a fundamental error in potential design—the failure to describe short-ranged covalent bonding of the carbon p electrons. We describe a resolution to the problem and present an empirical potential based on insights from density-functional theory, showing covalent-type bonding for carbon. The potential correctly describes the interaction of carbon and iron across a wide range of defect environments. It has the embedded atom method form and hence appropriate for billion atom molecular-dynamics simulations.

Abstract: A modified embedded-atom method (MEAM) interatomic potential for the Fe–C binary system has been developed using previous MEAM potentials of Fe and C. The potential parameters were determined by fitting to experimental information on the dilute heat of solution of carbon, the vacancy–carbon binding energy and its configuration, the location of interstitial carbon atoms and the migration energy of carbon atoms in body-centered cubic (bcc) Fe, and to a first-principles calculation result for the cohesive energy of a hypothetical NaCl-type FeC. The potential reproduces the known physical properties of carbon as an interstitial solute element in bcc Fe and face-centered cubic Fe very well. The applicability of this potential to atomistic approaches for investigating interactions between carbon interstitial solute atoms and other defects such as vacancies, dislocations and grain boundaries, and also for investigating the effects of carbon on various deformation and mechanical behaviors of iron is demonstrated.