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2016--Borovikov-V-Mendelev-M-I-King-A-H--Cu-Zr

Citation: V. Borovikov, M.I. Mendelev, and A.H. King (2016), "Effects of stable and unstable stacking fault energy on dislocation nucleation in nano-crystalline metals", Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering, 24(8), 085017. DOI: 10.1088/0965-0393/24/8/085017.
Abstract: Dislocation nucleation from grain boundaries (GB) can control plastic deformation in nano-crystalline metals under certain conditions, but little is known about what controls dislocation nucleation, because when data from different materials are compared, the variations of many interacting properties tend to obscure the effects of any single property. In this study, we seek clarification by applying a unique capability of semi-empirical potentials in molecular dynamics simulations: the potentials can be modified such that all significant material properties but one, are kept constant. Using a set of potentials developed to isolate the effects of stacking fault energy, we show that for a given grain boundary, loading orientation and strain rate, the yield stress depends linearly on both the stable and unstable stacking fault energies. The coefficients of proportionality depend on the GB structure and the value of the yield stress is related to the density of the E structural units in the GB. While the impact of the stable stacking fault energy is easy to understand, the unstable stacking fault energy requires more elucidation and we provide a framework for understanding how it affects the nucleation and propagation process.

Notes: Dr. Mendelev noted that this potential was developed in the same manner as 2009--Mendelev-M-I-Kramer-M-J-Ott-R-T-et-al--Cu-Zr, except that the original Cu potential was replaced by MCu31.eam.fs, which has more realistic stable and unstable stacking fault energies. This potential can be used to simulate the plastic deformation in the Cu-Zr amorphous alloys with embedded Cu particles.

Related Models:
LAMMPS pair_style eam/fs (2016--Borovikov-V--Cu-Zr--LAMMPS--ipr1)
See Computed Properties
Notes: These files were sent by M.I. Mendelev (Ames Laboratory) on 27 Sept. 2017 and posted with his permission. Update 19 July 2021: The contact email in the file's header has been changed. Update Jan 14 2022: Citation information has been updated in the file's header.
File(s):
OpenKIM (MO_097471813275)
See Computed Properties
Notes: Listing found at https://openkim.org. This KIM potential is based on the files from 2016--Borovikov-V--Cu-Zr--LAMMPS--ipr1.
Link(s):

Implementation Information

This page displays computed properties for the 2016--Borovikov-V--Cu-Zr--LAMMPS--ipr1 implementation of the 2016--Borovikov-V-Mendelev-M-I-King-A-H--Cu-Zr potential. Computed values for other implementations can be seen by clicking on the links below:

Diatom Energy vs. Interatomic Spacing

Plots of the potential energy vs interatomic spacing, r, are shown below for all diatom sets associated with the interatomic potential. This calculation provides insights into the functional form of the potential's two-body interactions. A system consisting of only two atoms is created, and the potential energy is evaluated for the atoms separated by 0.02 Å <= r <= 6.0> Å in intervals of 0.02 Å. Two plots are shown: one for the "standard" interaction distance range, and one for small values of r. The small r plot is useful for determining whether the potential is suitable for radiation studies.

The calculation method used is available as the iprPy diatom_scan calculation method.

Clicking on the image of a plot will open an interactive version of it in a new tab. The underlying data for the plots can be downloaded by clicking on the links above each plot.

Notes and Disclaimers:

  • These values are meant to be guidelines for comparing potentials, not the absolute values for any potential's properties. Values listed here may change if the calculation methods are updated due to improvements/corrections. Variations in the values may occur for variations in calculation methods, simulation software and implementations of the interatomic potentials.
  • As this calculation only involves two atoms, it neglects any multi-body interactions that may be important in molecules, liquids and crystals.
  • NIST disclaimer

Version Information:

  • 2019-11-14. Maximum value range on the shortrange plots are now limited to "expected" levels as details are otherwise lost.
  • 2019-08-07. Plots added.

Download data

Click on plot to load interactive version

2016--Borovikov-V--Cu-Zr--LAMMPS--ipr1/diatom

Click on plot to load interactive version

2016--Borovikov-V--Cu-Zr--LAMMPS--ipr1/diatom_short

Cohesive Energy vs. Interatomic Spacing

Plots of potential energy vs interatomic spacing, r, are shown below for a number of crystal structures. The structures are generated based on the ideal atomic positions and b/a and c/a lattice parameter ratios for a given crystal prototype. The size of the system is then uniformly scaled, and the energy calculated without relaxing the system. To obtain these plots, values of r are evaluated every 0.02 Å up to 6 Å.

The calculation method used is available as the iprPy E_vs_r_scan calculation method.

Clicking on the image of a plot will open an interactive version of it in a new tab. The underlying data for the plots can be downloaded by clicking on the links above each plot.

Notes and Disclaimers:

  • These values are meant to be guidelines for comparing potentials, not the absolute values for any potential's properties. Values listed here may change if the calculation methods are updated due to improvements/corrections. Variations in the values may occur for variations in calculation methods, simulation software and implementations of the interatomic potentials.
  • The minima identified by this calculation do not guarantee that the associated crystal structures will be stable since no relaxation is performed.
  • NIST disclaimer

Version Information:

  • 2020-12-18. Descriptions, tables and plots updated to reflect that the energy values are the measuredper atom potential energy rather than cohesive energy as some potentials have non-zero isolated atom energies.
  • 2019-02-04. Values regenerated with even r spacings of 0.02 Å, and now include values less than 2 Å when possible. Updated calculation method and parameters enhance compatibility with more potential styles.
  • 2019-04-26. Results for hcp, double hcp, α-As and L10 prototypes regenerated from different unit cell representations. Only α-As results show noticable (>1e-5 eV) difference due to using a different coordinate for Wykoff site c position.
  • 2018-06-13. Values for MEAM potentials corrected. Dynamic versions of the plots moved to separate pages to improve page loading. Cosmetic changes to how data is shown and updates to the documentation.
  • 2017-01-11. Replaced png pictures with interactive Bokeh plots. Data regenerated with 200 values of r instead of 300.
  • 2016-09-28. Plots for binary structures added. Data and plots for elemental structures regenerated. Data values match the values of the previous version. Data table formatting slightly changed to increase precision and ensure spaces between large values. Composition added to plot title and structure names made longer.
  • 2016-04-07. Plots for elemental structures added.

Select a composition:

Download data

Click on plot to load interactive version

2016--Borovikov-V--Cu-Zr--LAMMPS--ipr1/EvsR.Cu

Crystal Structure Predictions

Computed lattice constants and cohesive/potential energies are displayed for a variety of crystal structures. The values displayed here are obtained using the following process.

  1. Initial crystal structure guesses are taken from:
    1. The iprPy E_vs_r_scan calculation results (shown above) by identifying all energy minima along the measured curves for a given crystal prototype + composition.
    2. Structures in the Materials Project and OQMD DFT databases.
  2. All initial guesses are relaxed using three independent methods using a 10x10x10 supercell:
    1. "box": The system's lattice constants are adjusted to zero pressure without internal relaxations using the iprPy relax_box calculation with a strainrange of 1e-6.
    2. "static": The system's lattice and atomic positions are statically relaxed using the iprPy relax_static calculation with a minimization force tolerance of 1e-10 eV/Angstrom.
    3. "dynamic": The system's lattice and atomic positions are dynamically relaxed for 10000 timesteps of 0.01 ps using the iprPy relax_dynamic calculation with an nph integration plus Langevin thermostat. The final configuration is then used as input in running an iprPy relax_static calculation with a minimization force tolerance of 1e-10 eV/Angstrom.
  3. The relaxed structures obtained from #2 are then evaluated using the spglib package to identify an ideal crystal unit cell based on the results.
  4. The space group information of the ideal unit cells is compared to the space group information of the corresponding reference structures to identify which structures transformed upon relaxation. The structures that did not transform to a different structure are listed in the table(s) below. The "method" field indicates the most rigorous relaxation method where the structure did not transform. The space group information is also used to match the DFT reference structures to the used prototype, where possible.
  5. The cohesive energy, Ecoh, is calculated from the measured potential energy per atom, Epot$, by subtracting the isolated energy averaged across all atoms in the unit cell. The isolated atom energies of each species model is obtained either by evaluating a single atom atomic configuration, or by identifying the first energy plateau from the diatom scan calculations for r > 2 Å.

The calculation methods used are implemented into iprPy as the following calculation styles

Notes and Disclaimers:

  • These values are meant to be guidelines for comparing potentials, not the absolute values for any potential's properties. Values listed here may change if the calculation methods are updated due to improvements/corrections. Variations in the values may occur for variations in calculation methods, simulation software and implementations of the interatomic potentials.
  • The presence of any structures in this list does not guarantee that those structures are stable. Also, the lowest energy structure may not be included in this list.
  • Multiple values for the same crystal structure but different lattice constants are possible. This is because multiple energy minima are possible for a given structure and interatomic potential. Having multiple energy minima for a structure does not necessarily make the potential "bad" as unwanted configurations may be unstable or correspond to conditions that may not be relevant to the problem of interest (eg. very high strains).
  • NIST disclaimer

Version Information:

  • 2022-05-27. The "box" method results have all been redone with an updated methodology more suited for non-orthogonal systems.
  • 2020-12-18. Cohesive energies have been corrected by making them relative to the energies of the isolated atoms. The previous cohesive energy values are now listed as the potential energies.
  • 2019-06-07. Structures with positive or near zero cohesive energies removed from the display tables. All values still present in the raw data files.
  • 2019-04-26. Calculations now computed for each implementation. Results for hcp, double hcp, α-As and L10 prototypes regenerated from different unit cell representations.
  • 2018-06-14. Methodology completely changed affecting how the information is displayed. Calculations involving MEAM potentials corrected.
  • 2016-09-28. Values for simple compounds added. All identified energy minima for each structure are listed. The existing elemental data was regenerated. Most values are consistent with before, but some differences have been noted. Specifically, variations are seen with some values for potentials where the elastic constants don't vary smoothly near the equilibrium state. Additionally, the inclusion of some high-energy structures has changed based on new criteria for identifying when structures have relaxed to another structure.
  • 2016-04-07. Values for elemental crystal structures added. Only values for the global energy minimum of each unique structure given.

Select a composition:

Download raw data (including filtered results)

Reference structure matches:
A1--Cu--fcc = mp-30, oqmd-592441, oqmd-593869, oqmd-594301, oqmd-594302, oqmd-594517, oqmd-594518, oqmd-594519, oqmd-594520, oqmd-598513, oqmd-635950, oqmd-1214520
A15--beta-W = oqmd-1214965
A2--W--bcc = mp-998890, oqmd-637373, oqmd-1215143
A3'--alpha-La--double-hcp = mp-989695, oqmd-1215411
A3--Mg--hcp = mp-989782, oqmd-1215321
A4--C--dc = oqmd-1215500
A5--beta-Sn = oqmd-1215589
A6--In--bct = mp-1010136, oqmd-1215678

prototypemethodEcoh (eV/atom)Epot (eV/atom)a0 (Å)b0 (Å)c0 (Å)α (degrees)β (degrees)γ (degrees)
A1--Cu--fccdynamic-3.4067-3.40673.63863.63863.638690.090.090.0
A3'--alpha-La--double-hcpdynamic-3.4027-3.40272.57112.57118.415290.090.0120.0
oqmd-1216034dynamic-3.4014-3.40142.57062.570618.942990.090.0120.0
A3--Mg--hcpdynamic-3.3987-3.39872.56952.56954.213490.090.0120.0
oqmd-1215232box-3.3985-3.39852.5574.47234.212690.090.090.0
A6--In--bctstatic-3.3733-3.37332.97952.97952.715890.090.090.0
A2--W--bccdynamic-3.3714-3.37142.89532.89532.895390.090.090.0
oqmd-1214876dynamic-3.3632-3.36326.25546.25546.255490.090.090.0
oqmd-1214876box-3.3625-3.36256.25356.25356.253590.090.090.0
A15--beta-Wstatic-3.3495-3.34954.60664.60664.606690.090.090.0
oqmd-1214787dynamic-3.3492-3.34928.90948.90948.909490.090.090.0
oqmd-1214787box-3.3462-3.34628.91518.91518.915190.090.090.0
mp-1120774static-3.2696-3.26962.54982.549824.960290.090.0120.0
mp-1120774dynamic-3.2696-3.26962.54982.549824.926590.090.0120.0
mp-1120774box-3.2681-3.26812.55092.550924.88790.090.0120.0
mp-1059259box-3.2228-3.22288.14522.46882.515590.090.390.0
oqmd-1215054box-3.202-3.2024.26219.04152.613690.090.090.0
oqmd-1277912static-3.1406-3.140611.462611.462611.462690.090.090.0
oqmd-1277912box-3.1406-3.140611.461711.461711.461790.090.090.0
oqmd-1214698box-3.1251-3.12513.5028.55713.503590.090.090.0
A5--beta-Snstatic-2.9906-2.99064.58084.58082.453490.090.090.0
Ah--alpha-Po--scstatic-2.8547-2.85472.372.372.3790.090.090.0
A7--alpha-Asbox-2.6591-2.65913.15213.15219.199690.090.0120.0
oqmd-1215945box-2.6367-2.63673.92753.92754.165890.090.0120.0
A4--C--dcstatic-2.2175-2.21755.50045.50045.500490.090.090.0
mp-1056079dynamic-1.5337-1.533711.84292.336822.747690.0101.990.0

Elastic Constants Predictions

Static elastic constants are displayed for the unique structures identified in Crystal Structure Predictions above. The values displayed here are obtained by measuring the change in virial stresses due to applying small strains to the relaxed crystals. The initial structure and the strained states are all relaxed using force minimization.

The calculation method used is available as the iprPy elastic_constants_static calculation method.

Notes and Disclaimers:

  • These values are meant to be guidelines for comparing potentials, not the absolute values for any potential's properties. Values listed here may change if the calculation methods are updated due to improvements/corrections. Variations in the values may occur for variations in calculation methods, simulation software and implementations of the interatomic potentials.
  • The presence of any structures in this list does not guarantee that those structures are stable.
  • The elastic constants have been computed for a variety of strains, and in some cases for slightly different lattice constant values. The static nature of this calculation can give poor predictions if the evaluated states straddle a functional discontinuity in the potential's third derivative. Be sure to compare the elastic constants for the different strains (positive and negative).
  • NIST disclaimer

Version Information:

  • 2019-08-07. Data added.

Composition:
Prototype:
a0:
strain:

Download raw data

Cij in GPa:
168.02131.337131.337-0.0-0.0-0.0
131.337168.02131.3370.0-0.0-0.0
131.337131.337168.020.00.0-0.0
-0.00.00.085.931-0.0-0.0
-0.00.00.0-0.085.931-0.0
-0.00.00.00.0-0.085.931

Phonon and Quasi-Harmonic Approximation Predictions

Phonon band structures and crystal properties estimated from quasi-harmonic approximation (QHA) calculations are displayed for select crystals. The calculations were performed using phonopy and LAMMPS. For the phonon calculations, 3x3 supercells of the potential-specific relaxed crystals were used. The QHA calculations were based on 11 strain states ranging from -0.05 to 0.05.

The calculation method used is available as the iprPy phonon calculation method.

Notes and Disclaimers:

  • The thermodynamic properties estimated from QHA are based on the assumption that only volumetric changes affect the phonon behaviors as the temperature changes. This tends to give good predictions at lower temperatures but ignores anharmonic effects such as phonon coupling and vacancy formation that can be important at higher temperatures.
  • Note that direct molecular dynamics (MD) simulations using the same potentials will disagree with the thermodynamics properties listed here for the lowest temperatures. The MD results are purely classical in nature and therefore lack a zero-point energy, whereas the phonon calculations inherently provide a zero-point energy.
  • The structures explored here are taken from the dynamically relaxed structures above. Despite the rigorous relaxation method used, some of these structures prove to be unstable once internal deformations are added. The phonon results may reflect this and give bad band gap predictions for these unstable crystals.
  • All QHA calculations performed here use the same set of strains which might not be ideal for all crystals. Be sure to check the bulk modulus and Helmholtz vs. volume plots to verify if the QHA strained states are reasonable for each crystal of interest.
  • QHA results may not be available for all crystal structures that have phonon results. Missing QHA results indicates an issue either with the strained states or with the QHA calculation itself.
  • NIST disclaimer

Version Information:

  • 2023-03-14. Phonon and QHA plots added

Band Structures, Density of States, and QHA Verification Plots

Composition:
Prototype:
a0:
plot:

Thermodynamic Predictions

Composition:
Plot:

Download data

Click on plot to load interactive version

2016--Borovikov-V--Cu-Zr--LAMMPS--ipr1/phonon.Cu.G.png

Free Surface Formation Energy Predictions

Static free surface formation energies are displayed for select crystals. The values displayed here are obtained by taking a perfect periodic bulk crystal, slicing along a crystallographic plane, and using force minimization to statically relax the surfaces. The free surface formation energy is computed by comparing the energy of the defect system to the bulk system and dividing by the total surface area created by the cut.

The calculation method used is available as the iprPy surface_energy_static calculation method.

Notes and Disclaimers:

  • These values are meant to be guidelines for comparing potentials, not the absolute values for any potential's properties. Values listed here may change if the calculation methods are updated due to improvements/corrections. Variations in the values may occur for variations in calculation methods, simulation software and implementations of the interatomic potentials.
  • The calculation only performs straight cuts along crystallographic planes and static relaxations. Lower energy configurations may exist that require atomic restructuring of the surfaces.
  • Multiple values may be listed for a given plane followed by a number indicating different unique atomic planar cuts for the same theoretical plane.
  • NIST disclaimer

Version Information:

  • 2019-11-14. Calculations for the alternate #2 plane slices are now different from the #1 plane slices.
  • 2019-08-07. Data added.

Composition:
Prototype:
a0:

Download raw data

Surfaceγfs (mJ/m2)
(111)1163.08
(332)1277.69
(322)1288.9
(100)1311.29
(221)1326.67
(211)1348.12
(331)1364.98
(311)1386.24
(110)1392.33
(321)1413.71
(310)1451.39
(320)1455.73
(210)1468.42

Stacking Fault Energy Predictions

Stacking fault energy plots and maps are displayed for select crystals. The values are computed by

  1. Starting with a bulk crystal system
  2. Creating a free surface along one of the system's periodic boundaries and using force minimization to relax it
  3. The system is sliced in half along a crystallographic plane parallel to the free surface. One half of the system is shifted relative to the other
  4. The atoms in the shifted system are allowed to relax only in the direction normal to the shifting plane
  5. The stacking fault energy for a given shift is computed by comparing the energy of the system before and after applying the shift, and dividing by the area of the fault plane

The calculation method used is available as the iprPy stacking_fault_map_2D calculation method.

Notes and Disclaimers:

  • These values are meant to be guidelines for comparing potentials, not the absolute values for any potential's properties. Values listed here may change if the calculation methods are updated due to improvements/corrections. Variations in the values may occur for variations in calculation methods, simulation software and implementations of the interatomic potentials.
  • Values between the measured points are interpolated and therefore may not perfectly capture minima and maxima.
  • Multiple values may be listed for a given plane followed by a number indicating different unique atomic planar cuts for the same theoretical plane.
  • NIST disclaimer

Version Information:

  • 2022-06-28. Table added for intrinsic and unstable energies, and ideal shear stresses. Plots (and table) now ordered by the associated planes.
  • 2019-11-14. Calculations for the alternate #2 plane slices are now different from the #1 plane slices. The 1D plotting vectors have been changed to avoid duplicates. Minor improvements to how the 2D plots are displayed.
  • 2019-08-07. Plots added.

Composition:
Prototype:
a0:
plane:

Stacking fault energies in mJ/m2 and ideal shears in GPa
E_usf a/2 [0 -1 1]949.51
τ_ideal a/2 [0 -1 1]12.16

Download raw data

plot:

Point Defect Formation Energy Predictions

Static point defect formation energies, Ef, and elastic dipole tensors, pij, are displayed for select crystals. Relaxed defect configurations are obtained by taking a 12x12x12 supercell of a perfect periodic bulk crystal, inserting the point defect, and using force minimization to statically relax the atomic positions while keeping the system dimensions constant. Ef is computed by comparing the energy of the defect system to the same number of atoms in a perfect bulk crystal. pij is estimated as the difference in the system's global pressure with and without the defect multiplied by the system's volume.

Simple structural comparisons of the unrelaxed and relaxed defect configurations are used to help determine if the defect structure has relaxed to a different configuration. Relaxed structures that are identified as no longer consistent with the ideal defect definition are excluded from the table below. The only exception to this is if the lowest energy interstitial configuration does not coincide with a known ideal defect, its energies and pressure tensor are included under the listing "relaxed interstitial". The full list of calculation results including the transformed structures and the structural comparison values is included in the csv file available from the "Download raw data" link.

The calculation method used is available as the iprPy point_defect_static calculation method.

Notes and Disclaimers:

  • These values are meant to be guidelines for comparing potentials, not the absolute values for any potential's properties. Values listed here may change if the calculation methods are updated due to improvements/corrections. Variations in the values may occur for changes in calculation methods, simulation software and implementations of the interatomic potentials.
  • The computed formation energy and elastic dipole tensor values are sensitive to the size of the system used. The 12x12x12 supercell size was selected as it should provide a decent approximation of the true bulk values.
  • The tests for identifying configuration relaxations are not guaranteed to be comprehensive or suitable for all point defect types. The table only shows the point defects that are consistent with the ideal configurations for that defect type, and the lowest energy interstitial.
  • The "relaxed interstitial" label indicates that the structure is not consistent with any of the known ideal interstitial configurations. No information is provided as to what that relaxed strucutre is, whether it is an unknown structure, a "near"-ideal defect, or a collapse to amorphous.
  • NIST disclaimer

Composition:
Prototype:
a0:

Download raw data

Point DefectEf (eV)p11 (eV)p22 (eV)p33 (eV)p12 (eV)p13 (eV)p23 (eV)
vacancy1.251-3.087-3.087-3.0870.00.0-0.0
1nn divacancy2.349-7.334-6.607-6.6070.00.00.088
2nn divacancy2.528-6.968-6.968-6.7980.00.00.0
100 dumbbell2.81111.91511.91512.4170.00.0-0.0
octahedral interstitial2.83712.38812.38812.388-0.0-0.0-0.0
111 dumbbell2.91310.32910.32910.3292.8392.8392.839
110 dumbbell2.94715.80111.99111.9910.00.08.297
tetrahedral interstitial2.95311.89911.89911.8990.0-0.00.0
Date Created: October 5, 2010 | Last updated: October 26, 2023